动物细胞外囊泡的研究进展：来源、结构与功能
摘 要 几乎所有的细胞都可以产生和释放大量的胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles，EVs)，根据尺寸不同，EVs主要被分成外泌体(exosome)、微泡(microvesicles)和凋亡小体(apoptotic body)等三种。EVs以磷脂双分子层为基本骨架，其内容物包括脂质、蛋白质和核酸等，可介导细胞间通信和大分子的传递，影响靶细胞的生理和病理过程。以外泌体为代表的EVs，广泛存在于各种体液中，参与组织修复，协助免疫监视和促进免疫逃逸，转运转录因子mRNA，并通过蛋白质和脂质配体激活细胞表面受体，因而广泛应用于疾病的诊断与治疗。外泌体可作为疾病诊断的生物标志物、可开发为以外泌体为基础的疫苗，也可应用于药物递送系统。对EVs来源、结构与功能的深入理解，将有助于拓展人类对疾病的研究思路，为未来的精准医学提供更有效的治疗靶标和更合理的干预策略。
关键词 细胞外囊泡；外泌体；组分；生物功能
Research Progress of Extracellular Vesicles from Animals and Plants：Biosynthesis, Composition and Function
Abstract Almost all cells can produce and release a large number of extracellular vesicles (EVs). According to their size, they were classified into exosome, microvesicles and apoptotic body. EVs are based on phospholipid bilayers, and their contents include lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, which can mediate cell-to-cell communication and delivery of macromolecule, affecting physiological and pathological processes of target cells. Exosome, which is a typical of EVs , widely exits in various body fluids. Exosome participates in tissue repair, assists in immune surveillance and promotes immune escape, transports transcription factor mRNA, and activates cell surface receptors through proteins and lipid ligands. Thus it has been applied in the treatment of disease. Exosome can be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis, developed into vaccine and applied in drug delivery systems. A deeper understanding of EVs and their biosynthesis, composition and biological functions can lead to new opportunities in disease study in current worldwide settings of personalized medicine.
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